Development Economics
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Development Economics
Regularly updated news articles, research features and revision resources on Unit 4 macro development economics
Curated by Geoff Riley
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Sri Lanka in economic emergency as food prices soar

Sri Lanka in economic emergency as food prices soar | Development Economics | Scoop.it
The government says it will seize food stocks and set prices to contain inflation.
Geoff Riley's insight:
The Sri Lankan government is introducing government-controlled prices in a bid to stem inflation in an economy hit hard by a depreciating currency and the damaging impact of covid on their tourist-dependent economy. Sri Lanka is a net importer of food and energy and the sharp depreciation of their currency against the US dollar has led to a spike in the cost of imported products. This is a good example of how currency weakness can feed through quickly to hit the basic living standard of millions of people on low incomes. And a weaker currency can increase food prices further down the line. An example is the increased cost of imported fertiliser used in the Sri Lankan farm sector.

The decision by the Sri Lankan government is an example of intervention justified on perceived grounds of equity in the distribution of scarce resources. 

Will it work? Do price controls - however temporary - solve some of the structural problems facing their economy? The Sri Lankan central bank has started to raise interest rates in a bid to control inflationary pressures - their annual rate of inflation has climbed to 6%. 

Sri Lanka has declared an economic emergency empowering the authorities to seize stocks of staple foods and set their prices, to contain soaring inflation after a steep devaluation of its currency due to a foreign-exchange crisis
econ-intel.com's curator insight, February 10, 2023 3:12 PM
What a sad situation.  How does seizing food in a food insecure nation help the people?
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Special Economic Zones in Bangladesh: Mobilizing private investment and creating better jobs

Special Economic Zones in Bangladesh: Mobilizing private investment and creating better jobs | Development Economics | Scoop.it
The World Bank-financed project’s support to develop special economic zones in Bangladesh has been critical to the country’s economic transformation and the drive to create more and better jobs.
Geoff Riley's insight:
Good applied example here of how special economic zones - in part funded by UK overseas development aid - can fast forward essential infrastructure investment and promote better quality and better paid work in the formal economy of Bangladesh.
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Why market structure matters for development: Evidence from the global cement industry

Why market structure matters for development: Evidence from the global cement industry | Development Economics | Scoop.it
Market power in the construction sector raises prices and undermines long-term growth in poor countries
Geoff Riley's insight:
i really like this research article which brings Theme 3 micro and Theme 4 macro together. Cement is one of the most widely used and necessary inputs into the construction industry for both advanced and lower-income countries. Yet only 5 per cent of cement produced is globally traded. The research finds significant differences in prices for cement - which is essentially an homogenous product. There are numerous reasons why prices might be higher in some countries than others including the relative absence of producers who have grown to a sufficient scale to be productively efficient and bring down their long run average cost. The research finds that market structure is an important causal factor behind price differences. Strong market power among cement manufacturers in many developing countries allows them to charge higher prices and earn increased supernormal profits. And as the article makes clear, this has important implications for growth and development since cement is essential in some many of the infrastructure projects - from roads and bridges to new schools and hospitals - from which improvements in human development can flow.
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Will China become the centre of the world economy? | FT

The global economy is shifting away from the US and Europe towards Asia. The FT's global China editor James Kynge and FT economics commentator Martin Sandbu discuss whether China will dominate global commerce or whether the world economy could split along regional lines

Geoff Riley's insight:
Will China continue the process of becoming the centre of the global economy? Or will the global economy fragment into a regionalised rather than a unified global system? The FT's global China editor James Kynge and FT economics commentator Martin Sandbu discuss this question in this excellent FT video. 

Since 1979 to the end of 2018, China's annual real GDP growth averaged 9.5%. The programme of market reforms began in the late 1970s which overhauled their command economy. Attracting FDI has been key and so too has been the unprecedented rural-urban migration that accelerated from the mid 1990s onwards. China has also benefited from the pre-2008 shift towards global liberalised trade although this model of open trade and capital markets has of course come under renews threat in the last 10-12 years.

China remains a middle-income country despite being - on some measures - the largest economy in the world. Chinese average income remains less than a third of mean income in the USA. But their emerging middle class is now a powerhouse for driving consumption and growth. Chinese consumers last year spent $7.3 trillion which is bigger than the entire size of the Japanese economy.

Can China overcome the middle-income trap? Their growth model needs to tilt towards ideas and technological progress and away from input-driven and productivity-driven growth. Emerging areas of comparative advantage in cutting-edge industries are highlighted in the discussion. But will the rest of the world allow a situation where the latest technologies are in part dependent on China?

There are strong reasons for expecting an intensification of trade relationships at a regional rather than a global level. There are three huge regional supply hubs based around South-east Asia, Europe and the United States. In the USA and Europe, the mood has been shifting away from integrating with China.

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Beyond Bangladesh - saving lives in the garment industry

Beyond Bangladesh - saving lives in the garment industry | Development Economics | Scoop.it
On 24 April 2013, the world woke up to the reality of garment factory conditions in Bangladesh when more than
Geoff Riley's insight:
This article from the OECD is relevant to students who have chosen Bangladesh as one of their chosen developing countries for more detailed A-level study. The collapse of the Rana Plaza textile factory caused the death of over 1,000 textile workers and prompted a new agreement between trade unions and transnational garnet manufacturers to improve basic working conditions and reduce the risk of serious injury and death from fire. More progress needs to be made but this seems to have been a landmark agreement. Bangladesh received preferential trade tariffs when selling their products into the European Single Market.. 
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The story behind Africa's free trade dream

The story behind Africa's free trade dream | Development Economics | Scoop.it
Africa is hoping to agree a free trade deal encompassing the whole continent - but can it be done?
Geoff Riley's insight:
Can a single market work to increase intra-regional trade within Sub Saharan Africa? A great contextual example to read about and use for Year 13 economists studying trade, growth and development
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Why food crisis remains a thorn in flesh for Kenya

Why food crisis remains a thorn in flesh for Kenya | Development Economics | Scoop.it
Corruption, pests, cartels and declining soil fertility among factors to blame.
Geoff Riley's insight:
A useful contextual article on the problems facing the Kenyan farming industry. 
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Remittances can be big economic assets for countries

Remittances can be big economic assets for countries | Development Economics | Scoop.it
For five countries – Nepal, Kyrgyzstan, Haiti, Tajikistan and Liberia – remittances from citizens abroad are equivalent to at least a quarter of GDP.
Geoff Riley's insight:
What are some of the micro and macro economic effects of the strong flow of remittances into many developing / emerging countries?
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Carbon Pricing

Carbon Pricing | Development Economics | Scoop.it
A coalition of global leaders is driving for effective carbon policies worldwide.
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$20 billion raised from carbon pricing in 2017 but still more than eighty-five per cent of carbon pricing remains free from any form of carbon pricing or carbon trading system. 
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Are emerging economies deindustrializing too quickly?

Are emerging economies deindustrializing too quickly? | Development Economics | Scoop.it
As today’s developed countries grew richer, they experienced a process of ‘structural transformation’. This means they first went through a period of industrialization as the economic center of gravity shifted from agriculture to manufacturing, and then went through a period of deindustrialization,
Geoff Riley's insight:
To what extent should we be concerned about premature deindustrialisation in a number of emerging economies? Much depends on the root causes and the sustainability of the process of structural change - for example, can productivity growth and real income improvements be sustained in other industries such as farming, tourism and basic financial services?
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Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers: Evidence from Eight Developing Countries

Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers: Evidence from Eight Developing Countries | Development Economics | Scoop.it
A World Bank book – The Distributional Impact of Taxes and Transfers: Evidence from Eight Developing Countries– reveals that although fiscal systems are always equalizing, they often reduce the actual consumption of goods of the poor.
Geoff Riley's insight:
Taxes and transfers reduce inequality across all countries but the impact on poverty is uneven. Indeed some poor in lower and middle-income countries are net payers into the fiscal coffers of a government because of high taxes on consumption. This new report from the World Bank looks draws on evidence of tax and spend policies for eight developing / emerging countries.
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Performing (economic) miracles

Geoff Riley's insight:
This looks great for students and teachers really into their development economics. "Sustained growth takes place because of continuous technological upgrading, institutional innovation and structural change. At the heart of the process is an evolving set of factor endowments."
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Mass faintings in Cambodian factories supplying Nike and Puma

Mass faintings in Cambodian factories supplying Nike and Puma | Development Economics | Scoop.it
Asics and VF Corporation also affected by spate of blackouts among 600,000-strong, predominantly female workforce employed by major sports brands
Geoff Riley's insight:
Global compliance protocols under investigation here. n important aspect of the globalisation / FDI / development discussion
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Diversifying Jamaica’s economy in the post-pandemic world

Diversifying Jamaica’s economy in the post-pandemic world | Development Economics | Scoop.it
A common thread of economic issues can be identified as having persistently plagued developing economies like Jamaica, Belize, and Eastern Caribbean Currency Union islands such as St. Vincent and the Grenadines. These problems include trade deficits and a myriad of constraints for manoeuvre. 
Geoff Riley's insight:
I enjoyed reading this piece in the Oxford Business Review on barriers to growth and development in the Jamaican economy - it is an excellent mini case study for Theme 4 macro. Jamaica is heavily dependent on tourism and also on the US economy for their economic strength. But restrictive trade agreements including those governing all-inclusive tourist packages are holding back their farm sector and contributing to very high import dependency. 
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How to Attract Private Finance to Africa’s Development 

African economies are at a pivotal juncture. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought economic activity to a standstill. Africa’s hard-won economic gains of the last two decades, critical in improving living standards, could be reversed.

Geoff Riley's insight:
Around 95% of infrastructure spending in sub-Saharan Africa is funded by national governments rather than the private sector. This IMF research blog provides some useful context on the issue and discusses some of the barriers to attracting private sector finance such as currency risk, exit costs for investors and under-developed financial markets. It is a familiar but important story. Sub-Saharan Africa has huge infrastructure needs to drive inclusive growth and sustainable development. It attracts only 2 per cent of global foreign direct investment and much of this is skewed towards extractive sectors.
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Child Labour Still Prevalent in Cocoa-Producing Countries

Child Labour Still Prevalent in Cocoa-Producing Countries | Development Economics | Scoop.it
This chart shows the number of children from agricultural households engaged in work and illicit child labor in cocoa-producing agricultural regions in Ghana and Cote D'Ivoire in 2018/19.
Geoff Riley's insight:
New research on the extent of child labour in countries producing the bulk of cocoa in the world has been published. In Ghana and the Ivory Coast, 45% of children surveyed had been involved in age-inappropriate labour and 43% had been exposed to hazardous work.  https://www.norc.org/PDFs/Cocoa%20Report/NORC%202020%20Cocoa%20Report_English.pdf
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The barefoot engineers of Malawi

The barefoot engineers of Malawi | Development Economics | Scoop.it
Eight women from rural Malawi travelled to India to train as solar engineers. Now they are lighting the way for their communities
Geoff Riley's insight:
This is development economics in sharp focus. In Malawi only ten percent of homes have electricity. Inadequate power and light suppliers are one of the fundamental barriers to development. There are rays of hope with women being trained as solar engineers and the installation of solar panels and complementary technologies acting as a catalyst for families to lead better lives and engage in productive work for more hours during the day.
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Kenyan farmers switching to avocados and earning more for their crops

Geoff Riley's insight:
So much growth and development economics here in this article on the decision of many Kenyan farmers to switch away from coffee towards growing avocado where prices are higher and the potential producer surplus is significantly higher. The switch is being made by predominantly smaller farmers. If successful and sustainable, how might this contribute to improved development outcomes? 
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5 brilliant innovations supported by UK overseas aid

Geoff Riley's insight:
Some super examples here of project aid that can have a direct impact on people's lives. Add one or two into your study notes for contextual examples that will come readily to mind.
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UK spending on foreign aid

UK spending on foreign aid | Development Economics | Scoop.it
For every hundred pounds that’s made in the UK, seventy pence goes overseas as foreign aid. Here's some basic facts and figures.
Geoff Riley's insight:
Here are the latest figures forUK aid spending - useful context given the political machinations especially among some Brexit-supporting MPs who favour shifting some of the aid budget towards their own domestic preferences.
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The Presource Curse

The Presource Curse | Development Economics | Scoop.it
James Cust and David Mihalyi - Oil discoveries can lead first to jubilation then to economic jeopardy
Geoff Riley's insight:
One for EdExcel Year 2 macroeconomists - the latest edition of the IMF magazine Finance and Development considers some of the cause of the natural resource curse. 
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Nigeria’s kleptocrats have a toxic love affair with London’s expensive real estate

Nigeria’s kleptocrats have a toxic love affair with London’s expensive real estate | Development Economics | Scoop.it
London The prevailing narratives about corruption in Nigeria rarely mention its international dimension. They tend to gloss over how the United Kingdom, United States, and other financial centers welcome the steady stream of illicit cash flowing out Africa’s largest economy. Yet the country’s kleptocrats are increasingly exploiting weaknesses in the international financial system t
Geoff Riley's insight:
Deeply embedded corruption in countries such as Nigeria is an obvious barrier to development. Nigeria has lost an estimated $230 billion or more in illegal financial outflows since 2004: equal to $1,280 for every Nigerian citizen.
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Food and farming 'need total rethink'

Food and farming 'need total rethink' | Development Economics | Scoop.it
A major conference examines how to limit the more damaging impacts of intensive farming systems.
Geoff Riley's insight:
This article raises many questions about the sustainability of food production amidst the loss of bio-diversity on the planet. At least a discussion is being had although what concrete proposals emerge will be harder to assess.
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Can Africa stop foreign ships fishing illegally?

Can Africa stop foreign ships fishing illegally? | Development Economics | Scoop.it
The campaign group Oceana says the EU is wrongly allowing ships to fish off West Africa
Geoff Riley's insight:
Property rights are important to prevent the tragedy of the commons in industries such as fishing. The BBC reports here that in countries such as the Gambia, European and Chinese industrial fishing vessels are accused of illegal fishing which is threatening the sustainability of the industry and hitting domestic (and smaller) fishing businesses.
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India GST: Sweeping tax reform introduced

India GST: Sweeping tax reform introduced | Development Economics | Scoop.it
The overhaul of existing laws was carried out at a special midnight session of parliament.
Geoff Riley's insight:
This is an important but incredibly complex tax reform is being introduced in India. The main aim is to achieve more consistency for indirect taxes across the disparate Indian economy and in doing so, to raise tax revenues to give the Indian government more resources to fund development programmes / widen access to public goods. 
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