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* Article: The Exit from Capitalism has Already Begun. André Gorz. Translated by Chris Turner. Cultural Politics: an International Journal, Volume 6, Number 1, March 2010 , pp. 5-14(10). Berg Publishers Excerpted from an introduction by Chris Turner: “Though hailed at his death by Nicolas Sarkozy (of all people) as “a major intellectual figure of … 
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* Article: The Exit from Capitalism has Already Begun. André Gorz. Translated by Chris Turner. Cultural Politics: an International Journal, Volume 6, Number 1, March 2010 , pp. 5-14(10).Berg Publishers
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"In an amazingly prescient essay, “The Exit From Capitalism Has Already Begun,”journalist and social philosopher André Gorz in 2007 explained how computerization and networks are causing a profound crisis in capitalism by making knowledge more shareable. He argues that shareable knowledge and culture undercuts capitalist control over the global market system as the exclusive apparatus for production and consumption (and thus our “necessary” roles as wage-earners and consumers). The essay, translated by Chris Turner, originally appeared in the journal EcoRev in Autumn 2007 and was reprinted in Gorz’s 2008 book Ecologica. It’s worth revisiting this essay because it so succinctly develops a theme that is now playing out, one that Jeremy Rifkin reprises and elaborates upon in his 2014 book The Zero Marginal Cost Society. Let’s start with the conundrum that capital faces as computerization makes it possible to produce more with less labor. Gorz writes:"
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In the early 2000s, André Gorz chose an approach to the issue of knowledge-based society which significantly differed in comparison with the mainstream. The generally shared standpoint at the time was that all industrial societies had passed through a process of formation change that seemed to know only one direction: the change from the industrial society to a knowledge-based society. In fact, ever since the 1970s there was a noticeable decline of the manufacturing industry in the creation of value along with the simultaneous growth of importance of services. However, there was more at stake. It was also a matter of the assumption that knowledge, besides capital, was becoming an increasingly important production factor of the modern economy. In connection to this stood the demand that education needs to play a more important role compared to the one in the industrial society. To put it more precisely: that higher education should be assigned a greater significance. Namely, the requirements towards the subjectivity of labor forces are growing, as well as their qualifications that are supposed to keep pace with the rising level of complexity of technological processes and the extra-functional competences of the subjects: their communication skills, cooperation skills, their skill to keep in view longer-term processes and to overcome backlashes.
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